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| Utah Physicists Invent ‘Spintronic’ LED Posted: 16 Jul 2012 09:09 AM PDT New Technology Promises Brighter TV and Computer Displays July 12, 2012 – University of Utah physicists invented a new "spintronic" organic light-emitting diode or OLED that promises to be brighter, cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the kinds of LEDs now used in television and computer displays, lighting, traffic lights and numerous electronic devices. "It's a completely different technology," says Z. Valy Vardeny, University of Utah distinguished professor of physics and senior author of a study of the new OLEDs in the July 13, 2012 issue of the journal Science. "These new organic LEDs can be brighter than regular organic LEDs." The Utah physicists made a prototype of the new kind of LED – known technically as a spin-polarized organic LED or spin OLED – that produces an orange color. But Vardeny expects it will be possible within two years to use the new technology to produce red and blue as well, and he eventually expects to make white spin OLEDs. However, it could be five years before the new LEDs hit the market because right now, they operate at temperatures no warmer than about minus 28 degrees Fahrenheit, and must be improved so they can run at room temperature, Vardeny adds. Vardeny developed the new kind of LED with Tho D. Nguyen, a research assistant professor of physics and first author of the study, and Eitan Ehrenfreund, a physicist at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. The study was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Israel Science Foundation and U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation. The research was part of the University of Utah's new Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, funded by the National Science Foundation and the Utah Science Technology and Research initiative. The Evolution of LEDs and OLEDs The original kind of LEDs, introduced in the early 1960s, used a conventional semiconductor to generate colored light. Newer organic LEDs or OLEDs – with an organic polymer or "plastic" semiconductor to generate light – have become increasingly common in the last decade, particularly for displays in MP3 music players, cellular phones and digital cameras. OLEDs also are expected to be used increasingly for room lighting. Big-screen TVs with existing OLEDs will hit the market later this year. The new kind of OLED invented by the Utah physicists also uses an organic semiconductor, but isn't simply an electronic device that stores information based on the electrical charges of electrons. Instead, it is a "spintronic" device – meaning information also is stored using the "spins" of the electrons. Invention of the new spin OLED was made possible by another device – an "organic spin valve" – the invention of which Vardeny and colleagues reported in the journal Nature in 2004. The original spin-valve device could only regulate electrical current flow, but the researchers expected they eventually could modify it to also emit light, making the new organic spin valve a spin OLED. "It took us eight years to accomplish this feat," Vardeny says. Spin valves are electrical switches used in computers, TVs, cell phones and many other electrical devices. They are so named because they use a property of electrons called "spin" to transmit information. Spin is defined as the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle. Electron spins can have one of two possible directions, up or down. Up and down can correlate to the zeroes and ones in binary code. Organic spin valves are comprised of three layers: an organic layer that acts as a semiconductor and is sandwiched between two metal electrodes that are ferromagnets. In the new spin OLED, one of the ferromagnet metal electrodes is made of cobalt and the other one is made of a compound called lanthanum strontium manganese oxide. The organic layer in the new OLED is a polymer known as deuterated-DOO-PPV, which is a semiconductor that emits orange-colored light. The whole device is 300 microns wide and long – or the width of three to six human hairs – and a mere 40 nanometers thick, which is roughly 1,000 to 2,000 times thinner than a human hair. A low voltage is used to inject negatively charged electrons and positively charged "electron holes" through the organic semiconductor. When a magnetic field is applied to the electrodes, the spins of the electrons and electron holes in the organic semiconductor can be manipulated to align either parallel or antiparallel. Two Advances Make New Kind of Organic LEDs Possible In the new study, the physicists report two crucial advances in the materials used to create "bipolar" organic spin valves that allow the new spin OLED to generate light, rather than just regulate electrical current. Previous organic spin valves could only adjust the flow of electrical current through the valves. The first big advance was the use deuterium instead of normal hydrogen in the organic layer of the spin valve. Deuterium is "heavy hydrogen" or a hydrogen atom with a neutron added to regular hydrogen's proton and electron. Vardeny says the use of deuterium made the production of light by the new spin OLED more efficient. The second advance was the use of an extremely thin layer of lithium fluoride deposited on the cobalt electrode. This layer allows negatively charged electrons to be injected through one side of the spin valve at the same time as positively charged electron holes are injected through the opposite side. That makes the spin valve "bipolar," unlike older spin valves, into which only holes could be injected. It is the ability to inject electrons and holes at the same time that allows light to be generated. When an electron combines with a hole, the two cancel each other out and energy is released in the form of light. "When they meet each other, they form 'excitons,' and these excitons give you light," Vardeny says. By injecting electrons and holes into the device, it supports more current and has the ability to emit light, he says, adding that the intensity of the new spintronic OLEDs can be a controlled with a magnetic field, while older kinds require more electrical current to boost light intensity. Existing OLEDs each produce a particular color of light – such as red, green and blue – based on the semiconductor used. Vardeny says the beauty of the new spin OLEDs is that, in the future, a single device may produce different colors when controlled by changes in magnetic field. He also says devices using organic semiconductors are generally less expensive and are manufactured with less toxic waste than conventional silicon semiconductors. Source Link: http://unews.utah.edu/news_releases/utah-physicists-invent-spintronic-led/  |
| LED Lighting Market Forecast - ElectroniCast Posted: 16 Jul 2012 08:56 AM PDT LED Professional Production Lighting in Broadcast, Videography & Motion Pictures United States Market Forecast Published: July 13, 2012 Text Pages: 245 Also Included: Excel worksheets and PowerPoint Slides Fee: $4,400 This is the ElectroniCast 2011-2018 forecast of the use of light emitting diode (LED) production lighting devices in broadcast TV, motion pictures and videography in the United States (professional use – only). The light emitting diode (LED) market, despite exciting innovative devices driven by technological advances and ecological/energy-saving concerns, still face challenges in overcoming performance/price limitations and in attracting widespread consumption. LED lighting is well accepted by the broadcast TV, motion pictures and videography industry sectors for lighting effects and set lighting, mainly because of its flexibility. A single light source can generate a great variety of colors. Additionally, continuous cost/performance improvements driven by technological advancements are driving the LED lighting fixture market from a niche-only solution to a general use solution. Another benefit, directly related to the use of lighting in studios and sets, is the consumption of less electrical power consumption for not only because LEDs use less energy, but also less air conditioning is required since heat generated by an LED bulb is negligible. Also, television broadcasters and film studios are proud to publicize that they are good corporate citizens by incorporating LEDs in their operations and thereby embracing "Green Technology." The market forecast data are presented for LED lighting fixture (including the factory-installed Lamps/bulbs), segmented by the following functions: · Consumption Value (US$, million) · Quantity (number/units) · Average Selling Prices (ASP $, each) Note: Only the initial LED lamp and immediate fixture is include in values; therefore, racks, stands, carry bags/boxes, external cables/controllers, transformers, service, etc are not included. The consumption value is determined by multiplying the number of units by the average selling price. The average selling prices are based on the price of the LED light fixture at the initial factory level. The consumption values are based on the end-user application. The market data are segmented into the following end-user groups (applications): · Broadcast Television · Motion Pictures (Cinematography) · Videography In 2011, the broadcast TV, motion pictures and videography industry sectors employ over 50,000 camera operators in the United States. Independent television stations, local affiliate stations of television networks or broadcast groups, large cable and television networks, or smaller, independent production companies, employ camera operators. There also are a large number of self-employed camera operators and film editors. Some self-employed camera operators contract with television networks, documentary or independent filmmakers, advertising agencies, or trade show or convention sponsors to work on individual projects for a set fee, often at a daily rate. Videographers film or videotape private ceremonies and special events, such as weddings. Some record and post short videos on Web sites for businesses. Studio camera operators work in a broadcast studio and usually videotape their subjects from a fixed position. News camera operators, also called electronic news gathering (ENG) operators, work as part of a reporting team, following newsworthy events as they unfold. To capture live events, they must anticipate the action and act quickly. Camera operators employed in the entertainment field use motion picture cameras to film movies, television programs, and commercials. Those who film motion pictures also are known as cinematographers. Below, are five levels (or "food chain") pertaining to the LED marketplace. For the purposes of THIS ElectroniCast study, we quantify and provide a market forecast for Level 5. Level 1 - The chip or die Level 2 - The LED component (component-level bulb) Level 3 - LED array; may include optics, heat sink and/or power supply Level 4 - Lamp Level 5 – Light Fixture (complete with Lamps) Market Forecast, By Fixture Type/Size This report provides an independent examination and analysis of the changing market dynamics for the major types of LED-based lighting fixtures, segmented by size: · Small LED Light Fixture/Panel o Square/Rectangle (less than 12 x 12-inch) o Circular/Ring/Fresnel (less than 12-inch Outer Diameter) · Large Spot/Flood LED Light Fixture/Panel o Square/Rectangle (12 x 12-inch and Larger) o Circular/Ring/Fresnel (12-inch Outer Diameter and Larger)  |
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